Introduction
The Percussion Era and the Rise of Cartridges
The 1851 Colt Navy revolver, a name that echoes through the annals of firearms history, represents a period of significant change. Born from the ingenuity of Samuel Colt, the Navy, with its sleek lines and elegant design, quickly became a favorite of both military personnel and civilian shooters alike. Its percussion system, utilizing individual caps and lead balls, was revolutionary for its time. However, as the nineteenth century progressed, a new era dawned, characterized by self-contained cartridges. This change birthed a need for a more efficient and convenient method of firing handguns, setting the stage for the creation of conversion kits. The goal was to update this iconic weapon, extending its usefulness and appeal. These kits were a practical solution, transforming a timeless firearm for a changing world.
Historical Context: The Shift to Metallic Cartridges
A Revolution in Firearm Technology
The evolution of firearms during the mid-nineteenth century was nothing short of a revolution. The percussion system, while innovative, was slow and cumbersome. The shooter had to meticulously load each chamber with powder, a ball, and a percussion cap. The emergence of metallic cartridges changed everything. These self-contained units contained all the necessary components – bullet, powder, and primer – in a single package. This advancement offered a dramatic increase in reloading speed, reliability, and ease of use. It also reduced the risk of misfires and allowed for more rapid follow-up shots, greatly impacting the utility of handguns in both combat and civilian applications.
The Demand for Conversion
This technological leap prompted a strong demand for converting existing percussion firearms, including the beloved 1851 Colt Navy, into cartridge-firing weapons. The demand was driven not only by military requirements for faster-firing sidearms but also by a growing civilian market eager for modern conveniences and improvements. These conversions allowed owners of classic percussion revolvers to enjoy the benefits of modern ammunition without having to completely abandon their cherished firearms.
Types of 1851 Colt Navy Conversion Kits
Manufacturers and Innovations
Several manufacturers, driven by demand and innovation, stepped up to meet this need, offering different 1851 Colt Navy conversion kit designs. From the Colt factory itself, to firms such as Remington and Smith & Wesson, a wide variety of these kits were available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The conversion industry flourished, turning out a diverse collection of kits designed to fit various Colt Navy revolvers.
Rimfire Conversions
One common approach involved rimfire conversions. These systems generally used cartridges where the priming compound was located within the rim of the casing. The hammer struck the rim of the cartridge, igniting the primer and firing the round. Rimfire cartridges were relatively inexpensive and accessible, making this a popular method for converting the Colts. The conversion process usually involved replacing the original cylinder with a modified cylinder designed to accept rimfire cartridges.
Centerfire Conversions
Centerfire conversions, which employed cartridges with a central primer, represented a more advanced step. The advantage of centerfire cartridges was their increased power and reliability. These kits often involved significant alterations to the frame, hammer, and other components, often including a firing pin integrated into the cylinder or a modified hammer design that would accurately strike the center of the cartridge’s base. Centerfire conversions often allowed for the use of more powerful loads, thus extending the versatility of the converted 1851 Colt Navy.
Conversion Cylinders
Another conversion option took the form of replacement cylinders. The owner could swap out the original percussion cylinder for a pre-made cartridge cylinder. This cylinder would accept either rimfire or centerfire cartridges, depending on its design. These conversions were comparatively easy to install and often offered the ability to revert the revolver back to its original percussion configuration.
Key Features and Mechanics
Calibers and Cartridges
The various conversion kits employed a range of calibers, with .38 rimfire and .38 Long Colt being among the most common. These cartridges provided adequate power for self-defense and target shooting, making them well-suited for the converted revolvers.
The Conversion Process
The process of converting an 1851 Colt Navy with a conversion kit usually followed a fairly standardized procedure. For conversion cylinders, the process was relatively straightforward. The original percussion cylinder was removed and the new cartridge cylinder was installed. The cylinder pin, the rod that ran through the cylinder, might also have needed to be swapped.
Complex Conversions
For more extensive conversions, the process was more involved. The hammer might require alteration or replacement to strike the cartridges’ primers reliably. The barrel might be rebored or replaced to accommodate the new cartridge’s bore diameter. Many conversion kits required the frame to be machined or altered to properly accept the cartridge.
Cylinder Design
The design of the cylinder was crucial to a successful conversion. The chambers had to be carefully sized and aligned to accept the chosen cartridges. The chambers might be recessed to accommodate the cartridge rim, and a firing pin might be built into the cylinder face. The cylinder’s rotation and alignment with the barrel had to be precise to ensure safe and accurate firing.
Breech and Loading
The breech design, where the cartridge was loaded, also needed modification. Conversion kits typically included some type of loading gate or a modified frame design that allowed the user to load cartridges into each chamber. The loading mechanism had to be robust and reliable to withstand repeated use.
Frame, Barrel, and Hammer Modifications
Some conversions involved alterations to the frame, barrel, and hammer. These modifications required expertise, and were often performed by qualified gunsmiths. The barrel might be reamed out to accommodate the new caliber, and the hammer might be reshaped to strike the cartridges’ primers correctly.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Benefits of Conversion
The benefits of these conversions were substantial. Reloading was greatly simplified and sped up. The shooter could load fresh cartridges much quicker than with the cap-and-ball system. Commercially produced ammunition was widely available, eliminating the need to manufacture your own bullets and powder. This dramatically increased the practicality and convenience of the 1851 Colt Navy, making it more accessible for modern use.
Drawbacks and Considerations
However, conversion kits came with certain drawbacks. A major concern was the potential for altering a firearm of historical significance. Purists worried about the modification of original equipment, arguing that this diminished the revolver’s collectibility. In addition, some conversion kits could affect accuracy, with the conversion cylinders not always aligning as well as the original percussion cylinders.
The cost was another factor. The purchase of a conversion kit, combined with the cost of ammunition and, potentially, gunsmithing services, could be a significant investment. The conversion also raised concerns of potential damage to the original firearm, especially if the installation was not done with care and expertise.
The Collectors’ World
The Value of Converted Firearms
These converted revolvers have found a significant place in the world of collectors and enthusiasts. Converted 1851 Colt Navy revolvers often fetch a premium price, particularly for rare or unusual conversion kits. Enthusiasts appreciate the combination of historical significance and modern functionality that these converted arms represent.
Preserving the Past
The converted revolvers also serve as a reminder of how these weapons transitioned through time. The kits are valued by those who wish to own and appreciate a piece of history, bridging the gap between the past and the present. Their preservation reminds of the innovations in firearm development.
Safety and Legal Concerns
Safe Handling Practices
When handling cartridge firearms, safety is paramount. Always treat every firearm as if it were loaded. Be sure to familiarize yourself with the safe handling, loading, and unloading procedures for the specific firearm you are using.
Maintenance and Care
Proper cleaning and maintenance are crucial to preserving the condition of the converted 1851 Colt Navy and ensuring its safe operation. Use appropriate cleaning solvents and lubricants and follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Be sure to inspect the firearm regularly for wear and tear.
Legal Compliance
Furthermore, it is essential to be aware of and adhere to all local and national laws regarding firearms ownership and modifications. Different jurisdictions have different regulations, and compliance is essential to avoid legal complications.
Conclusion
The 1851 Colt Navy conversion kits represent a significant chapter in firearms history. They reflect a transitional period where innovation and practicality intersected. They provided a means for owners of a classic percussion revolver to adapt their beloved firearm for a rapidly changing world. These kits demonstrate the enduring legacy of the Colt Navy and its capacity to evolve and survive. The converted revolvers continue to be treasured by collectors and enthusiasts, a testament to the ingenuity of their designers.
