Introduction
The crisp autumn air crackles with anticipation. You’re setting up your hunting gear, hoping to catch a glimpse of those pesky prairie dogs or the elusive ground squirrel. Your heart races a little. But before you begin this exciting pursuit, a critical choice confronts you: What ammunition will you choose to arm yourself? The decision is even more perplexing when you have narrowed your choices down to the 17 HMR (Hornady Magnum Rimfire) and the 22 WMR (Winchester Magnum Rimfire). Both have secured themselves as favorites in the rimfire world, offering distinct strengths for specific shooting scenarios. Choosing the correct round can be the difference between a clean shot and a missed opportunity, and the right performance on the target.
This article aims to dive deep into a comprehensive comparison, helping you navigate this critical decision-making process. We will delve into their histories, ballistics, performance characteristics, suitable applications, and practical considerations. By the end, you’ll be equipped with a solid understanding of how these two champions of the rimfire world stack up against each other, enabling you to select the cartridge best suited for your individual shooting needs. The world of rimfire shooting, with its mix of fun, affordability, and practical usefulness, holds a special charm. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of both the 17 HMR and 22 WMR is key to unlocking your full potential as a shooter or hunter. Let’s begin.
Cartridge Origins and Background
The 17 HMR’s genesis lies in a quest for velocity and a flatter trajectory. It wasn’t born through the simple expansion of existing ammunition but a clever collaboration between Hornady and Sturm, Ruger. They took a .22 Long Rifle casing and drastically necked it down to accommodate a much smaller, lighter, .17 caliber bullet. This design allowed for a considerable leap in muzzle velocity. The early 2000s saw the 17 HMR arriving on the market. It quickly captured the attention of varmint hunters and target shooters looking for greater accuracy and a longer effective range than the traditional .22 Long Rifle could provide. Its appeal lay in its ability to deliver blistering speeds, flattening the bullet’s path and making it easier to hit targets at extended distances.
The 22 WMR, also known as the 22 Magnum, has a longer history, predating the 17 HMR by several decades. Winchester introduced it in the late 1950s, building upon the tried-and-true .22 Short casing. But unlike the .22 Short, they extended the case length, increased the case volume and, most significantly, used a much more powerful powder charge. This resulted in a larger bullet, a higher muzzle velocity, and significantly more energy at the target. This was a pivotal development in the world of rimfire ammunition. The 22 WMR’s initial target market was hunters seeking a more potent rimfire option for small game, from rabbits and squirrels to foxes. The 22 WMR quickly established itself as a reliable and versatile choice for hunting and recreation, gaining a strong reputation for both power and efficiency.
Both cartridges share the rimfire ignition system, a characteristic that contributes to their simplicity, reliability, and affordability. This means that the primer is incorporated into the rim of the cartridge case. Upon the firing pin’s strike, this rim detonates, igniting the propellant. This simple design is a cornerstone of the rimfire experience. While they share a common ignition, their fundamental differences in bullet size, weight, and powder charge set them apart. This also influences the performance characteristics that shooters will use when making choices. The next sections will highlight the differences and make it easier to understand each cartridge’s strengths.
Ballistics Comparison
Understanding ballistics is crucial for evaluating any ammunition. It is the scientific study of the motion of projectiles in flight. Comparing 17 HMR versus 22 WMR requires careful consideration of several parameters, including trajectory, velocity, and energy. These factors determine the bullet’s path, how quickly it travels, and the impact it delivers on the target.
Trajectory
The trajectory, or the bullet’s flight path, is one of the most significant differentiators between the 17 HMR and the 22 WMR. The 17 HMR is celebrated for its remarkably flat trajectory. Because of its lightweight bullet and high initial velocity, the 17 HMR resists the pull of gravity exceptionally well. This results in minimal bullet drop at longer ranges. This characteristic is a huge advantage when shooting at distances where the shooter has little to no time to calculate for elevation, which means that you are able to get a better and more consistent first shot.
In contrast, the 22 WMR, though boasting a higher muzzle velocity than a standard .22 Long Rifle, has a trajectory that is noticeably more curved than the 17 HMR. The heavier bullet weight of the 22 WMR is more greatly affected by gravity. This leads to more bullet drop at the same distances. A shooter using a 22 WMR must compensate for this drop by aiming higher at longer distances. The trajectory difference is most pronounced at extended ranges, making the 17 HMR the easier choice when shooting at distance.
Velocity
Velocity is the speed at which the bullet travels, measured in feet per second (fps). The 17 HMR typically achieves higher muzzle velocities than the 22 WMR. Its lighter bullets often leave the muzzle at speeds exceeding 2500 fps, sometimes even approaching 2700 fps, depending on the bullet weight and ammunition manufacturer.
The 22 WMR, with its heavier bullets, usually has muzzle velocities in the range of 1600 fps to 2000 fps. While the 22 WMR’s velocities are less than the 17 HMR, they are still a considerable increase over traditional .22 Long Rifle ammunition. The higher velocity of the 17 HMR contributes to its flatter trajectory and increases its effective range. However, it’s important to remember that the 22 WMR’s heavier bullets retain their velocity and energy more efficiently at longer ranges. This is essential for hunting applications where the bullet needs to have enough force to reliably expand and make an effective kill.
Energy
Energy, measured in foot-pounds (ft-lbs), is a measure of the bullet’s striking power. Although the 17 HMR possesses a high muzzle velocity, its lighter bullets often result in lower muzzle energy compared to the 22 WMR. The 17 HMR’s lighter bullet weight, even at high velocities, carries less kinetic energy. This is typically around 150 to 170 ft-lbs at the muzzle, depending on the bullet weight.
The 22 WMR, with its heavier bullets, typically delivers more muzzle energy, often in the range of 250 to 300 ft-lbs. The heavier bullet of the 22 WMR not only carries more initial energy but also retains more energy over distance, due to less resistance from the air. This makes the 22 WMR a more effective choice when the target is larger or more resistant, or when you need consistent performance over longer distances.
Performance Analysis
The ballistic differences between 17 HMR and 22 WMR translate into real-world performance impacts. Understanding how these rounds perform in terms of accuracy, effective range, and terminal ballistics is essential for making informed choices.
Accuracy
Accuracy is the measure of a bullet’s ability to hit the intended target. The 17 HMR is renowned for its exceptional accuracy. The combination of a high muzzle velocity, a flat trajectory, and a smaller bullet diameter makes it an extremely precise round. Many shooters find it easy to achieve tight groups with the 17 HMR at distances that are challenging for other rimfire cartridges. A well-maintained 17 HMR rifle, combined with high-quality ammunition, can consistently produce groups of under an inch at 100 yards.
The 22 WMR is also capable of impressive accuracy, but it usually does not match the 17 HMR’s. The heavier bullets, while contributing to greater energy, are more easily affected by wind, potentially impacting their trajectory and accuracy. However, well-made 22 WMR rifles, when paired with accurate ammunition, can deliver excellent results, often grouping within 1.5 to 2 inches at 100 yards. Factors like barrel quality, the specific bullet design, and shooter skill all play a role. The smaller bullet diameter of the 17 HMR and it’s high velocity can make it less susceptible to wind drift, giving it an edge in many conditions.
Effective Range
The effective range refers to the maximum distance at which the cartridge can reliably hit a target with sufficient accuracy and energy. The 17 HMR has a longer effective range than the 22 WMR, owing to its flatter trajectory and high velocity. This allows shooters to accurately engage targets at distances where the 22 WMR’s bullet drop becomes a significant factor. The flatter trajectory also means you need to make fewer adjustments for elevation at different distances. The 17 HMR is typically effective out to 150-200 yards for varmint hunting and target shooting.
The 22 WMR, while having a shorter effective range than the 17 HMR, still extends well beyond the .22 Long Rifle. It can be an excellent choice for effective shooting ranges of up to 100-150 yards. However, the shooter will need to compensate more for bullet drop, which is important when shooting at extended ranges. Wind drift is also a greater factor for the 22 WMR at longer distances, influencing the choice of the cartridge.
Stopping Power and Terminal Ballistics
Terminal ballistics refer to the performance of a bullet when it hits its target. This includes bullet expansion, penetration, and the transfer of energy. The 22 WMR generally delivers superior terminal performance due to its heavier bullets and greater energy. The heavier bullets of the 22 WMR carry more momentum, leading to increased penetration. They are better suited for larger or tougher targets, offering a more consistent impact. This makes the 22 WMR a more effective choice for hunting small game where a reliable, decisive kill is important.
The 17 HMR, with its lighter bullets, often produces rapid expansion upon impact, creating a devastating effect on small varmints. It is less likely to over-penetrate the target, which reduces the chance of the bullet passing through a target and potentially endangering something else. However, the 17 HMR’s lighter bullet can be more susceptible to wind drift and might not penetrate as deeply as the 22 WMR on thicker-skinned animals.
Applications and Considerations
The choice between 17 HMR and 22 WMR is often defined by the specific applications and the shooter’s goals.
Hunting
Both the 17 HMR and 22 WMR are popular choices for hunting small game. The 17 HMR is often favored for varmint hunting, such as prairie dogs, ground squirrels, and smaller predators. Its flat trajectory and high velocity help to make it a versatile choice for hitting these fast-moving targets at longer distances. Its speed and accuracy allow it to take down varmints with precision.
The 22 WMR, with its increased energy, is often chosen for hunting larger small game, such as rabbits, hares, and even coyotes. Its heavier bullets offer greater penetration and expansion, resulting in more decisive kills. The 22 WMR is also well-suited for hunting in areas where the terrain is open, allowing for shots at medium ranges.
Target Shooting
Both cartridges are suitable for target shooting, although the 17 HMR often holds an advantage due to its flat trajectory and exceptional accuracy. The reduced bullet drop makes it easier to hit targets at longer distances. The 17 HMR is very useful for precision shooting, especially in disciplines where accuracy is paramount.
The 22 WMR is well-suited for informal target shooting and plinking, especially at shorter to medium distances. The increased energy of the 22 WMR adds to the overall experience, delivering a more satisfying impact on steel targets.
Ammunition Availability and Cost
The availability of ammunition is a practical consideration. Both the 17 HMR and 22 WMR are widely available from most sporting goods stores. Ammunition costs vary, but the 22 WMR is often more expensive than the 17 HMR. This is due to its larger casing and higher powder charge. Ammunition availability has been influenced by supply chain issues, which have impacted all calibers.
Rifle Availability
Both cartridges are offered in a broad range of rifles. The 17 HMR is available in bolt-action and semi-automatic rifles, with bolt-action models being the most common. The 22 WMR is also available in both bolt-action and semi-automatic rifles, offering shooters a wide variety of options. The availability of different rifle actions allows shooters to choose a platform that fits their shooting style and preferences.
Pros and Cons Summarized
17 HMR
- Pros:
- Flat trajectory, making it easy to hit targets at extended ranges.
- High velocity, increasing its effective range and reducing wind drift.
- Exceptional accuracy, which leads to tighter groupings.
- Offers rapid bullet expansion on small varmints.
- Cons:
- The lighter bullet may not be ideal for larger animals.
- More susceptible to wind drift, especially at longer distances.
- The price is more than .22LR, but often less than 22 WMR.
22 WMR
- Pros:
- Heavier bullet delivers more energy, leading to better stopping power.
- Better penetration for tougher animals.
- More energy retained over distance than the 17 HMR.
- Cons:
- Higher bullet drop requires a more precise aim at longer ranges.
- More expensive ammunition than the 17 HMR.
- The trajectory is more affected by wind.
Conclusion
Choosing between the 17 HMR and the 22 WMR is a personal decision. The best choice depends on the intended application, the target, and your preferences. The 17 HMR excels in accuracy and a flat trajectory, making it a good choice for small varmints, target shooting, and long-range shooting. It’s a fantastic option if you prioritize accuracy, reduced wind drift, and a longer effective range.
The 22 WMR shines in stopping power and retained energy. It is a better choice for larger small game, hunting, and situations where the increased energy of the bullet is essential. If you need more penetration and power, the 22 WMR is the choice.
Ultimately, the ideal cartridge will depend on your specific needs. Consider the typical distances you’ll be shooting, the size and toughness of your targets, and your personal preferences. Think about the kind of shooting you enjoy. Do you value ultimate accuracy at distance, or do you appreciate the greater impact of a heavier bullet? Both rounds have their strengths, making them great for different applications. Choosing one or both could greatly enhance your shooting experience. The key is to understand their differences, weigh the pros and cons, and select the round that perfectly matches your requirements, and will make you a better shooter in the long run. Happy shooting!
